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kind-of-activity unit

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1 kind-of-activity unit

Экономика: единица одного вида деятельности (предприятие( или часть предприятия) которое занимается только одним видом производительной деятельности)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > kind-of-activity unit
2 единица одного вида деятельности

Economy: kind-of-activity unit (предприятие( или часть предприятия) которое занимается только одним видом производительной деятельности)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > единица одного вида деятельности
3 bar

I [bɑː(r)]
nome

1) (strip of metal, wood) sbarra f., spranga f.

2) (on cage, cell, window) sbarra f.

behind bars — dietro le sbarre o al fresco

3) (block) (of chocolate) tavoletta f., barretta f.; (of gold) lingotto m.

bar of soap — saponetta

4) (obstacle) ostacolo m., impedimento m. (to a; to doing a fare)

5) (place for drinking) bar m.; (counter) banco m., bancone m.

6) dir.

the bar — (anche the Bar) (profession) l'avvocatura, il foro; (the whole body of lawyers) l'Ordine degli avvocati

to be called to the bar — (to the profession) essere ammesso all'esercizio della professione forense; (to the body) essere ammesso nell'Albo degli avvocati

7) dir. (in court) barra f., sbarra f.

to come to the bar — comparire in giudizio

the prisoner at the bar — l'imputato

8) sport (in gym) sbarra f.; (across goal) traversa f.

9) mus. (line) sbarretta f., stanghetta f.; (unit) battuta f.

10) (in electric fire) resistenza f.

11) mil. BE (on medal) fascetta f.; AE (on uniform) grado m.
II [bɑː(r)]
verbo transitivo ( forma in -ing ecc. - rr-)

1) (block) sbarrare, bloccare [way, path]

to bar sb.'s way — sbarrare la strada a qcn

2) (ban) escludere [ person] ( from da); proibire [ activity]

to bar sb. from doing — impedire o proibire a qcn. di fare

3) (fasten) sbarrare, sprangare [gate, shutter]
III [bɑː(r)]
preposizione tranne, eccetto

all bar one — tutti tranne uno

bar none — nessuno eccettuato

* * *
1. noun
1) (a rod or oblong piece (especially of a solid substance): a gold bar; a bar of chocolate; iron bars on the windows.) barra; tavoletta; sbarra

2) (a broad line or band: The blue material had bars of red running through it.) striscia

3) (a bolt: a bar on the door.) sbarra

4) (a counter at which or across which articles of a particular kind are sold: a snack bar; Your whisky is on the bar.) bar, banco

5) (a public house.) bar

6) (a measured division in music: Sing the first ten bars.) battuta

7) (something which prevents (something): His carelessness is a bar to his promotion.) ostacolo

8) (the rail at which the prisoner stands in court: The prisoner at the bar collapsed when he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.) sbarra
2. verb
1) (to fasten with a bar: Bar the door.) sbarrare, sprangare

2) (to prevent from entering: He's been barred from the club.) escludere

3) (to prevent (from doing something): My lack of money bars me from going on holiday.) impedire
3. preposition
(except: All bar one of the family had measles.) eccetto, tranne

- barmaid
- barman
- bar code
* * *
I [bɑː(r)]
nome

1) (strip of metal, wood) sbarra f., spranga f.

2) (on cage, cell, window) sbarra f.

behind bars — dietro le sbarre o al fresco

3) (block) (of chocolate) tavoletta f., barretta f.; (of gold) lingotto m.

bar of soap — saponetta

4) (obstacle) ostacolo m., impedimento m. (to a; to doing a fare)

5) (place for drinking) bar m.; (counter) banco m., bancone m.

6) dir.

the bar — (anche the Bar) (profession) l'avvocatura, il foro; (the whole body of lawyers) l'Ordine degli avvocati

to be called to the bar — (to the profession) essere ammesso all'esercizio della professione forense; (to the body) essere ammesso nell'Albo degli avvocati

7) dir. (in court) barra f., sbarra f.

to come to the bar — comparire in giudizio

the prisoner at the bar — l'imputato

8) sport (in gym) sbarra f.; (across goal) traversa f.

9) mus. (line) sbarretta f., stanghetta f.; (unit) battuta f.

10) (in electric fire) resistenza f.

11) mil. BE (on medal) fascetta f.; AE (on uniform) grado m.
II [bɑː(r)]
verbo transitivo ( forma in -ing ecc. - rr-)

1) (block) sbarrare, bloccare [way, path]

to bar sb.'s way — sbarrare la strada a qcn

2) (ban) escludere [ person] ( from da); proibire [ activity]

to bar sb. from doing — impedire o proibire a qcn. di fare

3) (fasten) sbarrare, sprangare [gate, shutter]
III [bɑː(r)]
preposizione tranne, eccetto

all bar one — tutti tranne uno

bar none — nessuno eccettuato

English-Italian dictionary > bar
4 range

1. n ряд, линия; цепь, вереница

range work — рядовая кладка

a range of mountains — горная цепь

range of mountains — горная цепь

range of cable — длина якорной цепи

long range link — линия дальней связи

low range of hills — невысокий ряд холмов

range of manufactures — ряд производителей

2. n серия, ряд

the whole range of events — целая цепь событий

range of — ряд; множество

system range — типажный ряд

range of columns — ряд колонн

folder range — ряд фальцмашин

polymer-homologous range — полимер-гомологический ряд

3. n редк. строй, шеренга

4. n линия; направление

the tree is in range with the house — дерево стоит на одной линии с домом

range line — длинная линия

trial range — мерная линия

steering the range — правление по створу

range extender — усилитель абонентских линий

range azimuth — направление навигационного створа

5. n сфера, зона; область, круг; поле, арена

range of use — область применения

range of influence — сфера влияния

range of activity — размах деятельности

a vast range of knowledge — огромный круг знаний

a wide range of interests — разнообразные интересы; широкий круг интересов

Latin is out of my range — латынь — это не по моей части

the thorniest question in the whole range of politics — самый острый вопрос всей политической жизни

his reading is of very wide range — он начитан во многих областях

post-buckling range — область за точкой потери устойчивости

autorotation range — дальность полета на режиме авторотации

troostite formation range — область образования троостита

variable range — область переменной; переменный диапазон

flight service range — эксплуатационная дальность полета

6. n пределы

aircraft capacity range — предел загрузки воздушного судна

within the range of possibility — в пределах возможного

range control switch — переключатель пределов измерения

infinitely range — предел бесступенчатого регулирования

continuous range — предел бесступенчатого регулирования

7. n эк. изменение, колебание, движение

price range — движение цен

enlargement range — интервал изменения масштаба увеличения

joint range — диапазон изменения обобщенной координаты

translatory range — диапазон поступательного движения

range variation value — величина изменения расстояния

range of temperatures — пределы колебания температур

8. n размах

average range — средний размах

moving range — скользящий размах

sampling range — размах выборки

9. n физ. размах колебаний

the range of a voice — диапазон голоса

10. n протяжение, пространство; пределы

the estate has a wide range — пределы имения обширны

range capability limit — предел дальности

center-of-gravity range — предел центровки

range of feeding movements — предел подачи

table-setting range — предел наладки стола

limit of maximum range — предел досягаемости

11. n спец. радиус действия; предел применения; досягаемость

range of operation — дальность действия

depth range — пределы колебания глубины

vertical range — досягаемость по высоте

over the range — в пределах; в диапазоне

range of stability — предел устойчивости

range of application — область применения

12. n спец. диапазон

frequency range — радио диапазон частот, частотный диапазон

attenuation range — диапазон ослабления

comprehensive range — обширный диапазон

key range low — диапазон нижнего тембра

range of audibility — звуковой диапазон

range switch — переключатель диапазонов

13. n спец. чувствительность

range of sensibility — диапазон чувствительности

sensitivity range — диапазон чувствительности

14. n спец. мощность

yield range — диапазон мощности

power range — диапазон мощностей

15. n мат. область значений функций

restricted range — ограниченная область распространения

range of a variable — область изменения переменной

solid-solution range — область твердого раствора

range of tolerance — область допустимых значений

extrinsic range — область примесной проводимости

16. n дальность; расстояние, дистанция

range mark — ориентир

range estimation — определение расстояния на глаз

range of visibility — дальность видимости

at long range — на большом расстоянии; далеко; издали

picking-up range — дальность обнаружения

range correction — поправка по дальности

range measurement — измерение расстояния

range of communication — дальность связи

range track — сопровождение по дальности

17. n радио дальность передачи

autotracking range — дальность автоматического сопровождения

automatic range control unit — автомат управления дальностью

record range — пристрелянная дальность по реперу, ориентиру

range discrimination — разрешающая способность по дальности

visual detection range — дальность визуального обнаружения

18. n воен. дальнобойность, дальность

combat range — боевая дальность

assigning range — пристрелочная дистанция

range unit — блок дальности

range gate — строб дальности

range ring — кольцо дальности

range scale — шкала дальности

short range — малая дальность

19. n воен. прицел

range angle — угол прицеливания

opening the range — увеличение прицела

open the range — увеличивать прицел

opened the range — увеличил прицел

20. n переход с места на место; блуждание

free range — полный простор, полная свобода

effective sonar range — эффективная дальность действия ГАС

effective asdic range — эффективная дальность действия ГАС

radio range leg — равносигнальная зона радиомаяка

interference-free range — свободная от помех зона

elasto-plastic range — упругопластичная зона

21. n открытая местность, степь

long range mapping — дальний обзор местности

ground mapping range — дальность обзора местности

22. n охотничье угодье

23. n с. -х. неогороженное пастбище

range appraisal — оценка пастбища

range utilization — использование пастбища

24. n ассортимент, сортамент; номенклатура

range of commodities — ассортимент

range of colours — гамма цветов

range of patterns — коллекция образцов товаров

a large range of motor-cars for sale — в продаже большой выбор автомобилей

broad range of goods — товар широкой номенклатуры

product range — номенклатура выпускаемых изделий

commercial range of goods — товарный ассортимент

range of export goods — экспортный ассортимент

type face range — ассортимент шрифтов

25. n спец. шкала

aperture range — фото шкала диафрагм

high range — крупная шкала

scale range — диапазон шкалы

range of colors — шкала цветов

range of scale — диапазон шкалы

tonal range — градационная шкала

26. n биол. ареал; район обитания; область распространения

signal range — дальность распространения сигналов

plastic range — область пластической деформации

infrared spectral range — инфракрасная область

transition range — область переходного режима

tolerance range — область допустимых значений

27. n биол. период существования на Земле

short range requirement — потребность на ближайший период

high side of range — зона высоких значений

freak range — зона неустойчивой слышимости

low side of range — зона низких значений

acquisition range — зона радиовидимости

28. n биол. редк. класс, слой

asset depreciation range — класс собственности по сроку амортизации

29. n биол. физ. длина пробега, пробег

final range — конечный пробег

ionization range — ионизационный пробег

ultimate range — максимальный пробег

range straggling — разброс пробегов

maximum range — максимальный пробег

residual range — остаточный пробег

30. n спец. степень

reduction range — фото величина уменьшения

range of discretion — степень свободы

viscosity range — степень вязкости

31. n спец. класс, разряд

32. n спец. спорт. направление атаки

close range attack — атака с близкого расстояния

33. n спец. мор. ряд портов, порты

Hamburg-Antwerp range — порты между Гамбургом и Антверпеном

orthen range — порты американского побережья Атлантического океана

34. n спец. мор. створ

steer the range — править по створу

steered the range — правил по створу

35. n спец. воен. полигон, стрельбище; тир

test range — испытательный полигон

open range — стрельбище

range of fire — полигон

firing range — стрельбище

shooting range — стрельбище

rifle range — тир, стрельбище

36. n спец. амер. геод. меридианный ряд населённых пунктов

range to go — дальность до намеченного пункта

37. n спец. амер. двусторонний стеллаж

38. v выстраивать в ряд; ставить, располагать в порядке

to range soldiers — построить солдат

order range — диапазон порядков

out of range — вне досягаемости

runway visual range — дальность видимости на ВПП

out of rifle range — вне досягаемости огня винтовки

39. v обыкн. выстраиваться, строиться в ряд; становиться, располагаться в порядке

they ranged themselves along the curb — они выстроились вдоль тротуара

operation frequency range — рабочий диапазон частот прибора СВЧ

40. v простираться; тянуться вдоль

houses that range along the railway — дома, которые тянутся вдоль железной дороги

the range of hills strikes southerly — цепь холмов тянется к югу

41. v стоять на одной линии

our house ranges with the next building — наш дом стоит на одной линии с соседним зданием

elastic range — упругая зона

aural range — зона слышимости

inelastic range — неупругая зона

safe range — зона безопасности

workpiece range — зона обработки

42. v быть на одном уровне, стоять наравне; относиться к числу

he ranges with the great writers — он стоит в одном ряду с великими писателями; он относится к числу великих писателей

rep range — рамки числа повторений

gear range — шкала передаточных чисел

throttling range — зона регулирования

interference range — зона интерференции

range of ratios — диапазон передаточных чисел

43. v занимать определённую позицию

they were ranged against us — они выступили против нас

they were ranged among the rebels — они примкнули к стану мятежников

44. v редк. вовлекать, привлекать

45. v колебаться в определённых пределах

prices ranged between 2 and 10 shillings — цены колебались между 2 и 10 шиллингами

plastic range test — определение пределов пластичности

spatial range — предел перемещений в пространстве

employment range — пределы численности работающих

range of humidity — предел колебания влажности

range of current — пределы измерения силы тока

46. v поэт. бродить, блуждать; странствовать; исколесить

to range forests — бродить по лесам

to range the seas — бороздить моря

47. v бродить; блуждать

to range far and wide — отвлекаться от темы, уходить в сторону

his eyes ranged over the audience — его взгляд блуждал по аудитории

48. v охватывать

researches ranging over a wide field — изыскания, охватывающие широкую сферу

range over — охватывать

49. v классифицировать; систематизировать; распределять по категориям; относить к классу, разряду

to range plants according to genus and species — классифицировать растения по роду и виду

gross-weight range — весовая категория грузового автомобиля

youth market range — категория молодежной аудитории

range finder station — командно-дальномерный пост

luxury range — изделия категории " люкс "

range of scatter — поле рассеяния

50. v книжн. убирать, приводить в порядок

to range golden hair — причёсывать золотые волосы

51. v наводить, нацеливать

to range a gun on a particular object — навести орудие на определённый объект

52. v мор. воен. передвигаться, перемещаться

53. v воен. двигаться впереди, в первом эшелоне

primary key range — диапазон первой составляющей тембра

54. v мор. проходить, обгонять

55. v редк. проявлять непостоянство

56. v биол. водиться, встречаться

57. v с. -х. выпасать скот на неогороженном пастбище

critical range — критическая зона

58. v полигр. выравнивать

to range right — выравнивать строку вправо

to range left — выравнивать строку влево

59. v мор. идти параллельно; проходить мимо, вдоль

to range the coast — идти вдоль побережья

60. v мор. отпускать канат якоря

61. v воен. определять расстояние до цели

close range observation — наблюдение с ближнего расстояния

to obtain the range — определять дальность

striking range — дальность поражения цели

killing range — дальность поражения цели

at close range — на небольшом расстоянии

62. v воен. пристреливать цель по дальности; пристреливаться

intermediate range weapon — оружие промежуточной дальности

aquisition range — дальность радиолокационного обнаружения

minimum intercept range — минимальная дальность перехвата

long range control — телеуправление на больших дальностях

zero-payload range — дальность без коммерческой загрузки

63. n кухонная плита

gas range — газовая плита

fuel range — огневая плита

cooking range — кухонная плита

galley range — камбузная плита

kitchen range — кухонная плита

mud range — напольная кухонная плита

64. n тех. агрегат, установка

dyeing range — агрегат для крашения; красильная установка

range setting — установка прицела

Синонимический ряд:

1. ambit (noun) ambit; capacity; circle; compass; confine; confines; dimensions; extension; extensity; extent; grasp; horizon; ken; limits; orbit; panorama; purview; radius; realm; scope; sphere; stretch; sweep; width

2. class (noun) class; kind; rank; sort

3. diapason (noun) diapason; gamut; scale; spectrum

4. distance (noun) distance; limit; reach

5. expanse (noun) area; expanse; length; region

6. grassland (noun) grassland; meadow; pasture; prairie

7. habitat (noun) habitat; haunt; home; locality; site; stamping ground

8. mountain range (noun) chain; group; mountain range; sierra

9. order (noun) extent; magnitude; matter; neighborhood; order; tune; vicinity

10. row (noun) file; line; row; series; tier

11. extend (verb) extend; fluctuate; go; lie; occupy; run; stretch out; vary

12. group (verb) arrange; array; assort; class; classify; dispose; distribute; group; marshal; order; organise; rank; sort; systematise

13. line (verb) align; allineate; line; line up

14. wander (verb) bat; circumambulate; drift; encompass; explore; gad; gad about; gallivant; maunder; meander; mooch; peregrinate; ramble; roam; roll; rove; straggle; stray; stroll; traipse; traverse; vagabond; vagabondize; wander

Антонимический ряд:

disconnect; disorder; disturb; intermit; remain

English-Russian base dictionary > range
5 σάρξ

σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ (Hom.+; ‘flesh’).

① the material that covers the bones of a human or animal body, flesh lit. 1 Cor 15:39abcd; Hv 3, 10, 4; 3, 12, 1. The pl. (which denotes flesh in the mass [Lucian, Dial. Mort. 10, 5], whereas the sing. rather denotes the substance.—Herodas 4, 61; Gen 40:19; 1 Km 17:44; 4 Km 9:36; PsSol 4:19; TestJob 13:5; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 211; Just., A I, 26, 7; Mel., P. 52, 383; Ath. 34, 2) Lk 24:39 v.l.; Rv 19:18, 21 (4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010, 16] cannibalism out of hunger, sim. Mel., P. 52, 383; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 245: the σάρκες of the slain are food for the birds) B 10:4; metaph. Rv 17:16. It decays 1 Cl 25:3; cp. Ac 2:31 (cp. 2a below). Normally gives forth an evil odor when burned MPol 15:2. W. bones (s. ὀστέον) 1 Cl 6:3 (Gen 2:23); Lk 24:39; Eph 5:30 v.l. (metaph.). Paul speaks of his illness as a σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί (s. σκόλοψ) 2 Cor 12:7. ἡ ἐν σαρκὶ περιτομή the physical circumcision (cp. Just., D. 10, 1 al.) Ro 2:28; cp. Eph 2:11b; Col 2:13 (ἀκροβυστία 2); Gal 6:13 (ἡ σάρξ=the flesh that is circumcised); B 9:4. Metaph.: the corrosion on the precious metals of the rich φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ Js 5:3.—Ign. describes the elements of the Eucharist as σὰρξ (or αἷμα) Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IRo 7:3; IPhld 4; ISm 7:1. Also J 6:51–56 urges that one must eat the flesh (and drink the blood) of the Human One or Son of Man (Just., A I, 66, 2; s. TPhilips, Die Verheissung der hl. Eucharistie nach Joh. 1922; Bultmann ad loc.; AWikenhauser ’48, 105f).—His anti-Docetic position also leads Ign. to use the concept ‘flesh (and blood) of Christ’ in other contexts as well ITr 8:1; IPhld 5:1.—For Mt 16:17; Gal 1:16; Eph 6:12; and 1 Cor 15:50 s. 3a.

② the physical body as functioning entity, body, physical body

ⓐ as substance and living entity (Aeschyl., Sept. 622: opp. νοῦς; Ex 30:32; 4 Km 6:30; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 6 [Stone p. 54] πάντα τὰ μέλη τῆς σαρκός μου; w. καρδία or ψυχή Alex. Aphr., An. p. 98, 7–10 Br.; Ps 37:8; 62:2; Eccl 2:3; Ezk 11:19; 44:7 a1.; Jos., Bell. 6, 47, Ant. 19, 325; Ar.15, 7) οὔτε ἡ σὰρξ αὐτοῦ εἶδεν διαφθοράν Ac 2:31 (but s. 1). W. ψυχή 1 Cl 49:6 (Tat. 13:2 al.). W. καρδία Ac 2:26 (Ps 15:9).—Eph 5:29. ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί they have seen me face to face Col 2:1. ἕως ἂν τὸν χριστὸν ἐν σαρκὶ ἴδῃ before he had seen the Messiah in person GJs 24:4 (cp. Lk 2:26). Opp. πνεῦμα (Ath. 31:3; PGM 5, 460 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε τὸν κτίσαντα πᾶσαν σάρκα κ. πᾶν πνεῦμα) 1 Cor 5:5; 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5; 1 Pt 4:6; Hm 3:1; 10, 2, 6; cp. AcPl Ant 13:17 (=Aa, I 237, 2; s. οἶδα); also in relation to Christ (though this is disputed) J 6:63; Hs 5, 6, 5–7; cp. 1 Ti 3:16.—ἀσθένεια τῆς σαρκός bodily ailment Gal 4:13; s. vs. 14. ἀσθενὴς τῇ σαρκί weak in the body Hs 9, 1, 2. ὁ ἀλγῶν σάρκα the one who is ill in body B 8:6. πάσχειν σαρκί 1 Pt 4:1b. Cp. 2 Cor 7:5. ἡ τῆς σαρκὸς καθαρότης the purity of the body Hb 9:13 (opp. καθαρίζειν τὴν συνείδησιν vs. 14). σαρκὸς ἀπόθεσις ῥύπου 1 Pt 3:21 (s. ῥύπος 1). The σάρξ is raised fr. the dead (s. ParJer 6:9; Theoph. Ant. 1, 7 [74, 2]) 1 Cl 26:3; 2 Cl 9:1. ἀνάστασις σαρκός AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24 (σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν Just., D. 80, 5); cp. ἀναστήσεσθε ἔχοντες ὑγιῆ τὴν σάρκα AcPlCor 2:32. Of the body of Christ during his earthly ministry Eph 2:14 (JHart, The Enmity in His Flesh: Exp. 6th ser., 3, 1901, 135–41); Hb 10:20; 1 Pt 3:18; 4:1a; 1J 4:2; 2J 7; B 5:1, 10f; 6:7, 9; 7:5; 12:10; IEph 7:2; Pol 7:1; AcPlCor 2:6b. Married couples form μία σάρξ (Gen 2:24; s. Ath. 33, 2 τὴν σάρκα πρὸς σάρκα … κοινωνίαν.—GAicher, Mann u. Weib ein Fleisch: BZ 5, 1907, 159–65) Mt 19:5f; Mk 10:8ab; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (on these passages, TBurkill, ZNW 62, ’71, 115–20). δικαιώματα σαρκός behind ‘all sorts of ceremonial washings’ there are regulations that concern the physical body Hb 9:10.—On ὑποτάγητε τῷ ἐπισκόπῳ ὡς ὁ Χριστὸς τῷ πατρὶ κατὰ σάρκα IMg 13:2 s. Hdb. ad loc. and MRackl, Die Christologie des hl. Ignatius v. Ant. 1914, 228.—πνεῦμα δυνάμεως … ὁ θεὸς … κατέπεμψεν εἰς σάρκα τουτέστιν εἰς τὴν Μαρίαν God sent a powerful spirit (prob. a ref. to the kind of divine breath that brought the first human being to life [Gen 2:7]) into flesh, that is, into Mary AcPl Ha 8, 26=BMM recto 34; s. AcPlCor 1:14.

ⓑ as someth. with physical limitations, life here on earth (ApcEsdr 4:4 p. 28, 3 Tdf. σάρκα ἀνθρωπίνην φορῶ) θλῖψιν τῇ σαρκὶ ἕξουσιν 1 Cor 7:28. Cp. 2 Cor 4:11; Col 1:24. Of Christ τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ his body with its physical limitations Col 1:22; cp. 2:11 and s. cα below (cp. En 102:5 τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν; 1QpHab 9:2; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 29, 25).—Of human life: ἀποδημεῖν τῆς σαρκός MPol 2:2 (s. ἀποδημέω). ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ σαρκί Phil 1:24. ζῆν ἐν σαρκί vs. 22; Gal 2:20. ἐν ς. περιπατεῖν 2 Cor 10:3a. ἐν ς. τυγχάνειν Dg 5:8a. ὄντος ἔτι ἐν ς. σου AcPlCor 1:6. τὸν ἐπίλοιπον ἐν ς. χρόνον 1 Pt 4:2. ἡ ἐπιδημία τῆς σαρκὸς ταύτης our sojourn in life 2 Cl 5:5. ἐν τῇ σαρκί in our earthly life 8:2.

ⓒ as instrument of various actions or expressions.

α. In Paul’s thought esp., all parts of the body constitute a totality known as ς. or flesh, which is dominated by sin to such a degree that wherever flesh is, all forms of sin are likew. present, and no good thing can live in the σάρξ Ro 7:18 (cp. Philo, Gig. 29 αἴτιον δὲ τῆς ἀνεπιστημοσύνης μέγιστον ἡ σὰρξ καὶ ἡ πρὸς σάρκα οἰκείωσις; Sextus 317 ἀγαθὸν ἐν σαρκὶ μὴ ἐπιζήτει. The OT lays no stress on a necessary relationship betw. flesh as a substance, and sin. But for Epicurus the σάρξ is the bearer of sinful feelings and desires as well as the means of sensual enjoyment: Ep. in Plut., Mor. 135c; 1087bf; 1089e; 1096c αἱ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐπιθυμίαι. Also Diog. L. 10, 145. Likew. Plut. himself: Mor. 101b ταῖς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡδοναῖς; 672e; 688d; 734a; Ps.-Plut., Mor. 107f σαρκὶ καὶ τοῖς πάθεσι ταύτης; Maximus Tyr. 33, 7a. Cp. 4 Macc 7:18 τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς πάθη; Philo, Deus Imm. 143 σαρκὸς ἡδονή, Gig. 29; TestJud 19:4; TestZeb 9:7; ApcMos 25 [p. 14, 2 Tdf.] εἰς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τῆς σαρκός); Ro 6:19; 7:25 (opp. νοῦς); 8:3a, 4–9 (cp. Persius 2, 63 scelerata pulpa, which contaminates devotion to deity), 12f; Gal 5:13, 24; Col 2:23; Jd 23; AcPlCor 2:11, 15; Dg 6:5 (opp. ψυχή, as Plut., Mor. 101b). Opp. τὸ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4, 5, 6, 9, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:16, 17ab; 6:8ab; J 3:6; B 10:9. τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 25, 8) Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. σὰρξ ἁμαρτίας sinful flesh Ro 8:3b. ἐπιθυμία (τῆς) σαρκός (cp. Maximus Tyr. 20, 9f σαρκῶν … ἐπιθυμίας) Gal 5:16; 1J 2:16; B 10:9. Pl. Eph 2:3a, cp. b; 2 Pt 2:18; cp. Ro 13:14. τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός Gal 5:19 (s. Vögtle at πλεονεξία). τὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκός Eph 2:3b. ὁ νοῦς τῆς σαρκός Col 2:18. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός the body of (sinful) flesh 2:11; cp. 1:22 and s. b above (cp. Sir 23:17 σῶμα σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ; En 102:5 τῷ σώματι τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν). τὰ τῆς σαρκός what pertains to (sinful) flesh Ro 8:5b. ἐν (τῇ) σαρκὶ εἶναι be in an unregenerate (and sinful) state Ro 7:5; 8:8f. τὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί Eph 2:11a. κατὰ σάρκα εἶναι Ro 8:5a; ζῆν vs. 12b; 13; Dg 5:8b; περιπατεῖν Ro 8:4; 2 Cor 10:2; βουλεύεσθαι 1:17; στρατεύεσθαι 10:3b; cp. IRo 8:3 (opp. κατὰ γνώμην θεοῦ).

β. source of the sexual urge. The σάρξ is the source of the sexual urge, without any suggestion of sinfulness connected w. it ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς ἐγεννήθησαν J 1:13.

ⓓ as someth. attractive 2 Pt 2:10 (a Hebraism, cp. Judg 2:12; 3 Km 11:10; Sir 46:10). S. also 3b.

③ one who is or becomes a physical being, living being with flesh

ⓐ of humans person, human being: πᾶσα σάρξ every person, everyone (LXX; TestAbr B 7 p. 112, 3 [Stone p. 72]; GrBar 4:10; ApcEsdr 7:7; ApcMos 13 [p. 7, 1 Tdf.]; Mel., P. 55, 400: for כָּל-בָּשָׂר; s. πᾶς 1aα) Lk 3:6 (Is 40:5); J 17:2; Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 1 Pt 1:24 (Is 40:6); 1 Cl 59:3; 64; 2 Cl 7:6; 17:5 (the last two Is 66:24); AcPlCor 2:6a. οὐ πᾶσα σάρξ no person, nobody (En 14:21 end.—W-S. §26, 10a; B-D-F §275, 4; 302, 1; Rob. 752) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; Ro 3:20 (cp. Ps 142:2 πᾶς ζῶν); 1 Cor 1:29 (μή); Gal 2:16.—Though ς. in the foll. passages refers to body in its physical aspect, it cannot be divorced from its conjunction with αἷμα, and the unit σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα (cp. Sir 17:31; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82]; Philo, Quis Div. Rer. Her. 57; Just., D. 135, 6) refers to a human being in contrast to God and other transcendent beings Mt 16:17; Gal 1:16; Eph 6:12 (here vice versa, αἷ. καὶ ς.). τὰ παιδία κεκοινώνηκεν αἵματος καὶ σαρκός the children share mortal nature Hb 2:14, but with suggestion of its frailty, as indicated by the context with its ref. to death. Because they are the opposites of the divine nature σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα βασιλείαν θεοῦ κληρονομῆσαι οὐ δύναται 1 Cor 15:50 (JJeremias, NTS 2, ’56, 151–59). For Jd 7 s. b next. Cp. AcPl Ant 13, 17 (=Aa I 237, 2) σαρκί personally (s. οἶδα 2).

ⓑ of transcendent entities ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο J 1:14 (RSeeberg, Festgabe AvHarnack dargebracht 1921, 263–81.—Artem. 2, 35 p. 132, 27 ἐὰν σάρκινοι οἱ θεοὶ φαίνωνται; Synes., Dio 6 p. 45b).—Of flesh other than human: ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἑτέρας after another kind of flesh (cp. Judg 2:12 ὀπίσω θεῶν ἑτέρων) i.e. of divine messengers who take on ς. when they appear to humans (so Windisch et al.; difft. Frame et al. of same-sex activity) Jd 7.

④ human/ancestral connection, human/mortal nature, earthly descent (Did., Gen. 144, 25) Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα Ro 4:1 (Just., D. 43, 7 al.). οἱ συγγενεῖς μου κατὰ σάρκα 9:3. τοὺς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρας Hb 12:9. τὸν Ἰσραὴλ κατὰ σάρκα the earthly Israel 1 Cor 10:18 (opp. τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ Gal 6:16). Of natural descent τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκός children by natural descent Ro 9:8 (opp. τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας). ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται Gal 4:23; cp. vs. 29. μου τὴν σάρκα my compatriots Ro 11:14 (s. Gen 37:27).—Of Christ’s physical nature Ro 8:3c; Hb 5:7. Christ is descended fr. the patriarchs and fr. David (τὸ) κατὰ σάρκα according to the human side of his nature, as far as his physical descent is concerned Ro 1:3 (JDunn, Jesus: Flesh and Spirit [Ro 1:3f], JTS 24, ’73, 40–68); 9:5; 1 Cl 32:2; IEph 20:2. The context of 2 Cor 11:18 includes ancestry as a reason for boasting, but ς. in this pass. applies as well to other aspects of Paul’s career and therefore belongs more properly in 5.

⑤ the outward side of life as determined by normal perspectives or standards, a transf. sense of 1 and 2. Usually w. κατά indicating norm or standard σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα wise (people) according to human standards 1 Cor 1:26. καυχᾶσθαι κατὰ (τὴν) σάρκα boast of one’s outward circumstances, i.e. descent, manner of life, etc. (cp. 11:22) 2 Cor 11:18. κατὰ σάρκα Χριστόν Christ (the Messiah) from a human point of view or as far as externals are concerned 5:16b, cp. a (κατά B5bβ and 7a; also VWeber, BZ 2, 1904, 178–88; HWindisch, exc. ad loc.; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³, 374–76; FPorter, Does Paul Claim to Have Known the Historical Jesus [2 Cor 5:16]?: JBL 47, 1928, 257–75; RMoxon, CQR 108, 1929, 320–28). οἱ κατὰ σάρκα κύριοι those who, according to human standards, are masters Eph 6:5; Col 3:22. ὑμεῖς κατὰ τὴν ς. κρίνετε you judge by outward things, by externals J 8:15. Of the route taken in one’s earthly life ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ κατὰ σάρκα IRo 9:3.—ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθέναι place one’s trust in earthly things or physical advantages Phil 3:3f. εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί Gal 6:12. Onesimus is a beloved brother to Philemon καὶ ἐν σαρκὶ καὶ ἐν κυρίῳ both as a human being (=personally, in the external relationship betw. master and slave) and as a Christian Phlm 16. ὑμῶν δὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἐπισκόπῳ IEph 1:3 (cp. IMg 3:2).—HWindisch, Taufe u. Sünde 1908; EBurton, ICC Gal. 1920, 492–95; WSchauf, Sarx 1924; WBieder, Auferstehung des Fleisches od. des Leibes?: TZ 1, ’45, 105–20. W. special ref. to Paul: Ltzm., Hdb. exc. on Ro 7:14 and 8:11; Lohmeyer (ἁμαρτία 3a); EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33; RGrant, ATR 22, ’40, 199–203; RBultmann, Theologie des NTs ’48, 228–49 (Engl. tr. by KGrobel, ’51 I, 227–59); LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 267–70; E Schweizer, Die hellenist. Komponente im NT sarx-Begriff: ZNW 48, ’57, 237–53; two in KStendahl, The Scrolls and the NT, ’57: KKuhn, 94–113 and WDavies, 157–82; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT: RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; DLys, La chair dans l’AT ’67; ASand, D. Begriff ‘Fleisch’ ’67 (Paul); RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms ’71, 49–166. On Ign.: CRichardson, The Christianity of Ign. of Ant. ’35, esp. 49 and 61. S. also the lit. s.v. πνεῦμα, end.—B. 202. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > σάρξ
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Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography

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